GENERAL SURGERY

THYROID
Elements of embryology and anatomy
Thyroid and gout: epidemiology, symptomology, objective examination. Surgical indications.
The single thyroid nodule: epidemiology, anamnesis, diagnosis. Surgical indications.
Malign tumours: epidemiology, objective examination, symptoms, diagnostics, staging. Surgical indications.

ADRENAL GLANDS
Elements of embryology and anatomy
The Conn Syndrome, the Cushing Syndrome, Phaeochromocytoma: epidemiology, physiopathology, symptoms, objective indications, diagnosis. Surgical indications.
Carcinoma: epidemiology, physiopathology, symptoms, objective indications, diagnosis, staging. Surgical indications.
Incidentaloma: surgical indications.

OESOPHAGUS
Elements of anatomy and physiology
Oesophageal motility disorders:
• Dyskinesia: classification, symptomatology, diagnosis
• Acalasia: epidemiology, physiopathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, therapy.
Pulsion, traction and epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulae: pathogenesis, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, therapeutic principles
Benign and malignant tumours, classification, epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, therapeutic principles

DIAPHRAGM
Diaphragmatic hernia: classification
Hiatal, paraoesophageal and sliding hernia: anatomy of the hiatus and the gastro-oesophageal junction, physiopathology of gastro-oesophageal reflux, definition, epidemiology, classification.

STOMACH
Elements of anatomy.
Peptic ulcer: complications of surgical interest.
Intractability, haemorrhage, perforation, penetration, stenosis: symptoms, diagnosis, principles of surgical therapy
Benign neoplasms: classification, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, therapeutic principles
Malign neoplasms, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, routes for spread, symptoms, objective examination, diagnosis, staging, surgical solutions, prognosis

PANCREAS
Elements of anatomy and physiology
Acute pancreatitis: classification, epidemiology, etiology, physiopathology, symptoms, objective examination. Clinical parameters, development, complications. Diagnosis, medical and surgical indications, prognosis.
Pancreatic pseudocysts: definition, etiopathogenesis, development and complications, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy.
Tumours of the exocrine pancreas: epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, elements of therapy.
Hormone-secreting tumours: classification, symptoms, diagnosis, surgical indications.

BILE DUCTS
Cholecystic calculosis: definition, epidemiology, physiopathology, symptoms, objective examination, diagnosis, medical and surgical indications.
Cholelithiasis complications: classification.
Hepatocholic calculosis, acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, biliodigestive fistula, ileo-biliary fistula: classification, etiopathogenesis, symptoms, objective examination, diagnosis, therapeutic elements.
Benign and malign stenosis: classification, etiopathogenesis, symptoms, objective examination, diagnosis, therapeutic elements
Cholecystic neoplasms: etiopathogenesis, symptoms, objective examination, diagnosis, therapeutic elements

LIVER
Benign tumours: classification, symptoms, objective examination, diagnosis, therapeutic elements
Primitive malign tumours: epidemiology, classification, etiopathogenesis, symptoms, objective examination, diagnosis, staging, surgical indications.
Hepatic metastasis: symptoms, diagnosis, surgical indications

PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Elements of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the portal system. Physiopathology. Etiology. Problems of surgical interest: classification
• Oesophageal varices: defin