GENERAL PATHOLOGY
cod. 14529

Academic year 2007/08
2° year of course - Second semester
Professor responsible for the course unit
BORGHETTI Paolo
integrated course unit
7 credits
hub:
course unit
in - - -

Course unit structured in the following modules:

Learning objectives

The students have to acquire knowledge of the main aspects of etiology and pathogenesis of diseases, particularly focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of tissue and cell damage and adaptation; the students have to know the cellular and molecular mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory and innate responses and tissue renewal and repair; they have to learn etiology, pathogenesis and physiopathology of the neoplastic disease. The students have to acquire knowledge on physiopatological aspects at mean organs and apparatus; the basic concepts and mechanisms of immuno-mediated pathologies in domestic animals were also treated.

Prerequisites

<br />
Propedaeutics <br />
Physiology I - Ethology, Physiology II – Endocrinology, Microbiology and Immunology - Epidemiology

Course unit content

<p><br />
GENERAL PATHOLOGY (4 CFU)<br />
LECTURERS: Prof. Paolo Borghetti (4 CFU)<br />
                           Dott.ssa Benedetta Passeri (practicals) <br />
<br />
Omeostasis, health and disease. Basic concepts of etiology and pathogenesis of the diseases <br />
</p>
<p>Etiology (causes of cell and tissue pathology):<br />
infectious agents (the main mechanisms of injury by virus e bacteria);<br />
chemical agents (the main mechanisms of chemical injury;<br />
physical agents (radiation injury, thermal injuries, mechanical  forces)<br />
ischemic and hypoxic injury;<br />
free radicals and oxidative stress;<br />
nutritional deficiences;<br />
basics on genetic defects.<br />
</p>
<p>Adaptations and cell and tissue pathology (pathogenetic mechanisms and morphology):<br />
Tissue (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia) and cell (heat shock proteins, anti-oxidants, response to DNA damage) adaptation;<br />
reversibile and irreversibile cell injury;<br />
cellular (cloudy swelling, hydropic and vacuolar degeneration, steatosis, intracellular protein accumulation, lysosomal storage disorders) and extracellular degenerations (amyloidosis, ialinosis, fibrinoid necrosis, sclerosis, pigmentations, pathologic calcifications) (histopathology lab). <br />
</p>
<p>Cell death:<br />
necrosis: biochemical and morphologic aspects, types of necrosis;<br />
apoptosis: causes (physiologic and pathologic apoptosis), morphologic and biochemical features and mechanisms.<br />
</p>
<p>Acute and chronic inflammation: <br />
general features: etiology, classification and evolution;<br />
vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation;<br />
inflammatory cells;<br />
chemical mediators of inflammation;<br />
outcomes of acute inflammation;<br />
primary chronic inflammation: cellular events and mediators;<br />
granulomatous inflammation (causes and pathogenetic mechanisms);<br />
types of acute and chronic inflammation (histopathology lab);<br />
systemic effects of inflammation (Acute Phase Reactions). <br />
</p>
<p>Tissue renewal and repair:<br />
regeneration;<br />
repair by healing: cellular events and mechanisms of scar formation;<br />
cutaneous wound healing;<br />
factors that influence wound healing.<br />
</p>
<p>Neoplasia:<br />
definition, general features and nomenclature;<br />
molecular basis of cancer: oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes;<br />
biology of the neoplastic cell: transformation and progression, heterogeneity, invasion and metastasis;<br />
differential aspects between benign and malignant neoplasms and classification;<br />
etiology and epidemiology: chemical, radiation and microbial carcinogenesis;<br />
immune response against neoplastic cells;<br />
paraneoplastic syndromes;<br />
diagnostic and prognostic markers of malignant neoplasms.<br />
</p>
<p> ANIMAL PHYSIOPATHOLOGY (2CFU)<br />
LECTURERS: Prof. Paolo Borghetti (2 CFU)<br />
                       Dott.ssa Benedetta Passeri (practicals) <br />
<br />
P hysiopathology of the infection: mechanisms of damage by virus and bacteria, endotoxic and septic shock, basic aspects of immune response against infectious agents.<br />
Physiopathology of adaptive stress response (stressors and animal welfare; stress and immunity; hormonal and immune parameters for animal welfare evaluation).<br />
Synovial joint physiopathology: degenerative and dyschondroplastic joint diseases in animals (practicals).<br />
Physiopathology of thermoregulation: fever, hyperthermia, hypothermia<br />
Bone physiopatology: calcium/phosphorus imbalances, metabolic bone diseases (rickets, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, fibrous osteodistrophy).<br />
Kidney physiopatology: acute and chronic failure, nephrotic syndrome, uremic syndrome. <br />
Hepatic physiopathology: jaundice, steatosis, liver failure.<br />
Basic concepts on hearth failure.<br />
Blood physiopatology (leukocytosis, leukopenia, anemias, polycvthemia, hemorrhagic disorders)<br />
Water and acido-base imbalances.<br />
Hemodinamics disorders: edema, hyperemia, hemostasis and thrombosis, embolism, infarction, shock.<br />
Basics of lung physiopatology: respiratory failure, edema, emphysema. <br />
<br />
 <br />
VETERINARY IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (1 CFU)<br />
LECTURER: Prof. Paolo Borghetti. <br />
<br />
Hypersensitivity: etiology, pathogenesis and examples of immune-mediated diseases ( Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV hypersensitivity) <br />
Mechanisms of immunotolerance<br />
Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases (general concepts and pathogenetic mechanisms; mechanisms of immuno-mediated damage; examples of autoimmune diseases) <br />
Immunodeficiencies and immunosuppression.<br />
Nutrition and immunity.<br />
Methods and parameters to evaluate the immune response efficiency (laboratory practicals)</p>

Full programme

- - -

Bibliography

1) V. Kumar, A. Abbas, N. Fausto: “Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie. Patologia Generale”. 7a edizione (2006), Eusebi. <br />
2) G.M. Pontieri, M.A. Russo, L. Frati . Patologia Generale vol. I e II (2005) Piccin, Padova; Pontieri, Russo, Frati Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia. Piccin, Padova. <br />
3) M.U. Dianzani- I. Dianzani- U. Dianzani   Istituzioni di patologia generale IV ed. (2004) UTET, Torino<br />
4) Marcato P.S. Anatomia e istologia patologica generale veterinaria. (2000)   Eusculapio, Bologna<br />
5) Tizard I.R. Veterinary Immunology. (2004) Saunders (USA).<br />
6) Dunlop R.H. Malbert C.H. Veterinary Pathophysiology. (2004) Blackwell Publishing, Ames, USA.<br />
7) G.B. Pier, J.B. Lyczak, L.M. Wetzler. Immunologia, infezione, immunità (2006). Piccin, Padova.

Teaching methods

<br />
Teaching methodology: <br />
Lectures (5 CFU) and practicals ( 2CFU) (lab practicals and histopathology lab)<br />
<br />
Examination method: <br />
Students can choose between oral (three questions on course topics) or written (multiple choise quiz) exam.

Assessment methods and criteria

- - -

Other information

- - -