PHYSIOLOGY ( A)

Endocrine System.
Principles of hormone action and endocrine control. The hypothalamic-pituitary control system. The endocrine pancreas. The thyroid gland .The adrenal gland. Hormonal regulation of bone metabolism. Testicular function. Ovary function. Fertilization, pregnancy and lactation.
Physiology of the nervous system.
Sensory organs. Energy transduction. The generator potential and the receptor potential. Cutaneous receptors. Functional anatomy of the somatosensory systems. Examination of somatic sensation. Pain. Control mechanisms of pain. The thalamus. Organization of cerebral cortex. Somatosensory cortices. The eye. Optical principles. Organization of the retina. Visual pathways. Lesions of visual pathways. Dorsal and ventral streams in the visual system. The parietal lobe. The brain stem. The brain stem reflexes. Posture and decerebrate rigidity. The auditory system and vestibular system. The cerebellum. The basal ganglia. Cerebellum and basal ganglia disorders. The motor cortex. The pyramidal system. Organization of premotor cortex. The sleep-wake cycle. EEG .
Physiology of the autonomic nervous system and homeostasis.
Functional anatomy of the autonomic nervous system: sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric systems. Autonomic reflexes. Functional anatomy of hypothalamus. Hypothalamic-hypophysial axes. Homeostasis. Hunger and satiety. Control mechanisms of body weight. Thirst and its control mechanisms. Body temperature and its regulation. Cold-blooded and homeothermic animals. Heat production and heat-loss mechanisms. Central mechanisms for temperature regulation. Hyperthermia and hypothermia. Motivation. Emotions.
Skeletal muscle. Smooth muscle